超大棒槌

1. The roots of family law

When the Qianlong and Jiaqing schools were in full swing, some famous teachers had some discussions on Han Chinese and Chinese students. In the late Qing Dynasty, Han and other studies were relatively declining, and family law was still the academic phrase of scholars and officials. In the Qing Dynasty, there were ancient Chinese scholars such as Wang Fengsheng, Yu Daxin, Sun Xingyan, and Jiang Fan, as well as modern Chinese scholars, Chen Yiqi, Dai Kan, and Pi Xirui, as well as some unknown academic attitudes, such as Zhang Xueyan and Xiangnan. Due to the differences in academic foundation and language context, the connotation of their family and law is very different, and the same is true for the connotation of Han Confucian Law. Let’s go to the bottom of this, and take relevant questions as the middle, we will first briefly sort out the Qing people’s comments on Han Confucian law, as a reference for analyzing the concepts of family law in the Qing Dynasty.

The Qing people noticed the relationship between modern teachers, family law and royal officials, and some believed that it originated from pre-Qin officials. In the Jiadao period, Xiangnan said: “The teacher’s law and family law are based on the ancient official law… The teacher’s law of Confucian scholars is still based on the teacher’s law of the official.” [2] But later, the researchers concluded thatIn order to propose and confirm the teaching method, it will not be earlier than before the establishment of a doctoral student. [3] The teacher’s method originated from a doctorate in Xihan, and is still related to official studies. Hu Bingqian, a Qing Dynasty man, said that in the early years of Xihan, the doctor was established, “but he was able to understand the past and present and prepare for the people. Since Emperor Wu demoted all schools of thought and set up five schools, he chose the doctors seriously, and the doctor’s qualities became increasingly respected… Hence the doctor’s establishment, so he respected the teachings of teachers” [4]. What Hu said is not bad. The works of the Western Han scholars can only be written in bamboo and silk, and it is difficult for scholars to obtain them. Their training sentences are all conveyed by the teacher’s mouth. They dare not have any income or expenditure in their writing, so they have a teaching method.

Checking the notes of “Shi Ji” and the previous and subsequent “Han Shu” can see that “Shi Ji” does not have a record of the law of teachers and family law. Ban Gu’s “Han Book” did not mention the family law. Nine people recorded the teacher law. [5] The relevant characters were all teachers of the four emperors of Zhao, Xuan, Yuan and Cheng, but the content of the teacher law also touched the geography and practice. After Emperor Yuan, scholars and officials could be appointed as ministers and ministers, so the court did not abide by the law to evaluate teachers. As can be seen from “Han Shu”, the teacher and the court were recognized by the court and advocated. Just as I was studying in the early days of Han, the teachings of the late Western Han Dynasty also had official colors. At the same time, the “Hou Han Book” notes (excluding the notes of later generations), except for the “Law” that mentions the law of the master, there are 12 records about the law of the master and the family law, among which there are only 3 teachers and 9 family law. [6] “Han Books” and “Last Han Books” are both unofficial histories, and their verbs frequently reflect the broadcast situation of the language. Therefore, Wang Fengsheng said: “The Han people emphasize the teaching method… and also called family law. They abide by their own family law, which is also called teacher law… They talk more about teaching methods in front of Han, and then talk more about family law. If they do not change the teaching method, they can practice family law.” [7] Ruan Yuan also said: “In the treatment of Han, the family law is mainly about family law, and family law is also called teacher law. In front of Han, there are many teaching methods, and in the later Han, there are many teaching methods.” [8] They believe that the contents of teachers and family law are similar, but the differences in the previous and later Han.

After the Guangwu Middle School, the number of students in the school was large and the number of doctoral students increased to 14. The number of doctoral students increased from 50 when Emperor Wu of Han to thousands or even thousands in Donghan. A teacher often teaches apprentices hundreds, or even more. In the early years of Donghan, there were several scholars, and the chapters and sentences were different, so the family law was practiced. Therefore, the scholars of Qianjiajia believed that: “In the early Han Dynasty, there were many words about the teaching method, and then Han Dynasty, there were many words about the family law, and only one could make one’s own words. Those who teach the law trace the origin, while those who teach the law diverged from the flow.” [9] They believed that the teaching method was a new teaching method that was produced by the original teaching method. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Pi Xirui extended it: “In the past, Han emphasized the teacher’s method, and later Han emphasized the family’s method. First, there was the teacher’s method, and then it could become a one-man’s opinion. Those who taught the method, trace the source; those who made the family’s method are derived from the flow. The reason why teachers and family’s method is divided is: For example, the “Yi” has the learning of Shi, Meng, and Liangqiu, which is the teaching method. The Shi family has the learning of Zhang and Peng, Meng has the learning of Zhai, Meng, and Bai, and Liangqiu has the learning of Shishu, Gong, and Heng, which is the teaching method. Family’s method is divided from the teaching method.” [10] Pi not only pays attention to the origin and flow relationship between the teaching method and family’s method, but alsoRemind that there are still differences in the connotation, including the differences in the concepts of the teachers before and after.

Since the Qing Dynasty, there are differences in the connotation of Confucianism and Law in Han, each with its own emphasis. General Hu Rui, a student of the door of Ruan Yuan, said: “There are three rough rules for Confucianism in Han: one is the saying of the guardian.” “One is the teaching of elementary school.” “One is the principle of today’s people. The “Yi” school is like the heavenly school of Meng Ximing hexagram, the Jingfang said that the na Jia is floating, the king is scattered, the lord is scattered, the lord is scattered, the lord is scattered, the lord is scattered, the lord is scattered, the lord is scattered, and the lord is the scattered, and the lord is the scattered, and the lord is the scattered, and the lord is the scattered, and the scattered, especially the scattered, the scattered, and the scattered, especially the scattered, the scattered, and the scattered, and the scattered, especially the scattered.” [11] This is Hu Qing’s understanding, although it is reasonable,